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Music Video
Music Video, song-length film or videotape production that combines the music of a particular musician or group with complementary visual images. Most music videos are made for broadcasting on television. Some are also sold on videotape or laser disc.
In the 1960s and 1970s, rock musicians such as the Beatles produced what were called songfilms. There was little opportunity to broadcast such films, however, until the late 1970s, when rock musicians began to use music videos to promote their new recordings. With the expansion of cable television channels in the 1980s and the introduction of Music Television (MTV) in 1981, music videos gained wide popularity. Within a short time, almost every major rock artist—recognizing that a video could reach large audiences quickly—was producing music videos that were released along with their new recordings.
The broadcasting of music videos has expanded rapidly to include other popular styles of music, such as country and gospel. The visual style of music videos varies greatly. Wealthier artists—such as Michael Jackson and Madonna—produce videos that include elaborate choreography, sets, costumes, and sometimes special effects. Clay animation (claymation) featured strongly in the video produced by Aardman Animations of Bristol for the song “Sledgehammer” by Peter Gabriel in 1986, still considered a classic in its field. In the 1990s the increased availability of sophisticated image-processing techniques on computers has hugely extended the visual range of many music videos. Other musicians use simpler formats, such as filming a performance with basic lighting and sets, though even in such cases the soundtrack of the video is overdubbed from a studio recording. Some musicians release a number of videos, linked by continuing story lines or themes, with a new album.
Music videos play an important role in shaping public perceptions of musicians. Imagery, special effects, and editing have become defining elements of music videos. The style of music videos has strongly influenced advertising, films, and television programmes.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
In the 1960s and 1970s, rock musicians such as the Beatles produced what were called songfilms. There was little opportunity to broadcast such films, however, until the late 1970s, when rock musicians began to use music videos to promote their new recordings. With the expansion of cable television channels in the 1980s and the introduction of Music Television (MTV) in 1981, music videos gained wide popularity. Within a short time, almost every major rock artist—recognizing that a video could reach large audiences quickly—was producing music videos that were released along with their new recordings.
The broadcasting of music videos has expanded rapidly to include other popular styles of music, such as country and gospel. The visual style of music videos varies greatly. Wealthier artists—such as Michael Jackson and Madonna—produce videos that include elaborate choreography, sets, costumes, and sometimes special effects. Clay animation (claymation) featured strongly in the video produced by Aardman Animations of Bristol for the song “Sledgehammer” by Peter Gabriel in 1986, still considered a classic in its field. In the 1990s the increased availability of sophisticated image-processing techniques on computers has hugely extended the visual range of many music videos. Other musicians use simpler formats, such as filming a performance with basic lighting and sets, though even in such cases the soundtrack of the video is overdubbed from a studio recording. Some musicians release a number of videos, linked by continuing story lines or themes, with a new album.
Music videos play an important role in shaping public perceptions of musicians. Imagery, special effects, and editing have become defining elements of music videos. The style of music videos has strongly influenced advertising, films, and television programmes.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Video Walkman
Video Walkman
As technological advances are made in broadcasting, the means for accessing television and radio programmes become quicker and more portable. This video walkman, introduced by Sony in June 1988, allows the user to watch a video while riding the bus, taking a break at work, or exercising.Encarta Encyclopedia
Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
As technological advances are made in broadcasting, the means for accessing television and radio programmes become quicker and more portable. This video walkman, introduced by Sony in June 1988, allows the user to watch a video while riding the bus, taking a break at work, or exercising.Encarta Encyclopedia
Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Digital Video Disc
Digital Video Disc, plastic disc containing a recording of digital data that can produce moving pictures when played in a special device attached to a computer or an ordinary television set.
Discs for pre-recorded digital video, which are currently referred to as DVD-Video, are just one part of a new family of standards for digital disc recording purposes that the manufacturers concerned wish to call DVD; for copyright reasons they claim that this is short for “digital versatile disc”. The group of DVD disc formats also includes various forms of data recording for computer purposes, including discs that contain pre-recorded data (DVD-ROM) and discs that can be rewritten many times (DVD-RAM). These are several times the capacity of CD-ROMs. The simple single-layer version of the DVD holds between 3.7 and 4.38 gigabytes (with double-layer versions holding 15.9 gigabytes), compared to the 650 megabytes of CD-ROMs. These higher capacity discs are used particularly for computer games and in multimedia applications.
Digital video discs are a simple refinement of the laser video discs and compact discs (CDs), as developed by Philips (Netherlands) and Sony (Japan). However, other Japanese manufacturers have also become involved in developing competing variants of the technology. All the forms of the new digital video discs have the same external dimensions as CDs and CD-ROMs, that is, they are 120 mm (about 4y in) in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, but the microscopic pits in their surface that record the data are of roughly half the size and spacing. The density of information that can be recorded on the disc surface is thus increased several times; this increase has been made possible by more perfect control of the laser-reading mechanism in the player, and also by using a laser that produces light of a shorter wavelength.
The new video discs are being produced in four forms that contain either a second recording layer on the other side of the disc, to be read by a second laser, or a second recording layer below the semi-transparent surface of the first recording, or both of these together. The technique of having two layers on the same side of the disc depends on refocusing the laser beam reading the discs so that the lower layer is read through the upper layer.
These possibilities double or quadruple the amount of information contained compared to the simplest, single-sided, single-layered disc, and mean that longer films, or alternative versions of the same film, can be contained on a single disc. Also, using the system for compressing moving-picture data in digital form that is used for digital broadcasting in Europe, it is possible to put a recording of a two-hour film on one disc, and a four-hour film on a double-layer disc, with roughly the same quality as that given by the 30-cm (12-in) LaserVision videodiscs, which have finer definition than videotape.
For mass production of pre-recorded material, the single-sided, single-layer discs are pressed in the same way as CDs are at present, for the same very low production cost. However, the extra layers for the extended versions have to be laminated together in a further production step, which increases their basic cost somewhat.
In early 2002 nine leading electronics companies revealed that they had jointly established basic specifications for a new generation of DVDs, known as Blu-ray discs. By working together on the development of the disc the companies had reduced the problems of conflicting formats that DVDs had suffered from earlier. Blu-ray discs are so-named because they are used in conjunction with a blue laser, capable of storing much more data than the red rays currently used. Blu-ray discs are capable of holding up to 27 gigabytes of sound and video data on a single-sided, single-layer disc, and this could be increased to over 50 gigabytes on a single-sided, double-layer disc.
Discs similar to digital video discs are produced for distributing recorded sound, and these contain either longer recordings or higher-quality recordings than existing CDs. So far, complete agreement on the technical standards for all types of DVD has not been reached, but nevertheless the manufacturers intend that these alternatives will eventually take over from present-day CDs, CD-ROMs, laser video discs, and even displace video cassette recorders for recorded video.
Contributed By:
Barry Salt
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Discs for pre-recorded digital video, which are currently referred to as DVD-Video, are just one part of a new family of standards for digital disc recording purposes that the manufacturers concerned wish to call DVD; for copyright reasons they claim that this is short for “digital versatile disc”. The group of DVD disc formats also includes various forms of data recording for computer purposes, including discs that contain pre-recorded data (DVD-ROM) and discs that can be rewritten many times (DVD-RAM). These are several times the capacity of CD-ROMs. The simple single-layer version of the DVD holds between 3.7 and 4.38 gigabytes (with double-layer versions holding 15.9 gigabytes), compared to the 650 megabytes of CD-ROMs. These higher capacity discs are used particularly for computer games and in multimedia applications.
Digital video discs are a simple refinement of the laser video discs and compact discs (CDs), as developed by Philips (Netherlands) and Sony (Japan). However, other Japanese manufacturers have also become involved in developing competing variants of the technology. All the forms of the new digital video discs have the same external dimensions as CDs and CD-ROMs, that is, they are 120 mm (about 4y in) in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, but the microscopic pits in their surface that record the data are of roughly half the size and spacing. The density of information that can be recorded on the disc surface is thus increased several times; this increase has been made possible by more perfect control of the laser-reading mechanism in the player, and also by using a laser that produces light of a shorter wavelength.
The new video discs are being produced in four forms that contain either a second recording layer on the other side of the disc, to be read by a second laser, or a second recording layer below the semi-transparent surface of the first recording, or both of these together. The technique of having two layers on the same side of the disc depends on refocusing the laser beam reading the discs so that the lower layer is read through the upper layer.
These possibilities double or quadruple the amount of information contained compared to the simplest, single-sided, single-layered disc, and mean that longer films, or alternative versions of the same film, can be contained on a single disc. Also, using the system for compressing moving-picture data in digital form that is used for digital broadcasting in Europe, it is possible to put a recording of a two-hour film on one disc, and a four-hour film on a double-layer disc, with roughly the same quality as that given by the 30-cm (12-in) LaserVision videodiscs, which have finer definition than videotape.
For mass production of pre-recorded material, the single-sided, single-layer discs are pressed in the same way as CDs are at present, for the same very low production cost. However, the extra layers for the extended versions have to be laminated together in a further production step, which increases their basic cost somewhat.
In early 2002 nine leading electronics companies revealed that they had jointly established basic specifications for a new generation of DVDs, known as Blu-ray discs. By working together on the development of the disc the companies had reduced the problems of conflicting formats that DVDs had suffered from earlier. Blu-ray discs are so-named because they are used in conjunction with a blue laser, capable of storing much more data than the red rays currently used. Blu-ray discs are capable of holding up to 27 gigabytes of sound and video data on a single-sided, single-layer disc, and this could be increased to over 50 gigabytes on a single-sided, double-layer disc.
Discs similar to digital video discs are produced for distributing recorded sound, and these contain either longer recordings or higher-quality recordings than existing CDs. So far, complete agreement on the technical standards for all types of DVD has not been reached, but nevertheless the manufacturers intend that these alternatives will eventually take over from present-day CDs, CD-ROMs, laser video discs, and even displace video cassette recorders for recorded video.
Contributed By:
Barry Salt
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2003. © 1993-2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
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